Thursday, January 30, 2020
Corrosion, Repair and Maintenance of Structures Essay Example for Free
Corrosion, Repair and Maintenance of Structures Essay Chapter 1.0 Introduction In many places around the world, there are structures that have existed for a long time and either they are still being used or they are simply left there standing with no use at all to the public. For that reason, these structures that are no longer being used must be rehabilitated in order for them to be re-used in some way. When pertaining to structures, to rehabilitate means ‘to restore, to repair, to rescue from a state of corrosion’. The idea of rehabilitation came after the World War II when old buildings were starting to show damage through time or damage from human intervention. The easiest way to fix them was to restore them. That process today is very widely used and is a very familiar process, which applies to almost every structure on earthâ€â€from structures that need to be repaired to structures that need to have a completely different look or structures that need to expand. It can also be applied on structures that need to be strengthened in order to prolong its life for another set of years. Rehabilitation of structures, as a process, can save time, money and work. That is because there is no need for the demolition of an already existing structure and building again from scratch. Simply put, rehabilitation means that some changes or improvements need to be made. This process also saves space since there is no need for a new area in order to build a new structure.            In this paper, I am going to divide this process into three stages. The first stage is the corrosion, where I am going to explain all the factors that lead to corrosion of structures and how it affects them. The second stage is the part of repairing a structure after it has undergone corrosion. In this stage, I will mention ideas and ways that have been developed through the years which can be applied to existing structures that have been affected by corrosion. The third and final stage that will be discussed in this paper are the ways on how to maintain a structure and how to prevent further deterioration after repair in order to minimise its cost efficiency. Chapter 2.0 Corrosion Factors Introduction Corrosion is caused by a lot of factors and it often results to the failure of a structure. All these factors have to be studied in order to prevent structure failures. Corrosion, most of the time, is caused by extreme weather conditions but it is not the only factor that causes corrosion and it is also not the main cause of structure failures. By analysing corrosion and explaining how it happens, we can separate it in different areas. Factors of Corrosion Corrosion depends on many factors which we will focus on such as material, environment, stress, temperature and time factors. These factors are dependent and interconnected with each other. Material Factor            The material factor has to do with the materials that are used for the structure. Materials also has a connection with the environment where the structure is put up (i.e. weather, temperature, moisture, etc.), which we will discuss later in this report. The material factor is important as it all starts from the selection and planning before being able to build the structure. The selection process is divided into three stages.            The first one is listing the requirements taking into consideration the strength and other properties of the material. The second stage is choosing the most convenient material focusing on its technical properties and evaluating them. The last stage is based on the economical factor, which means that after going through the first two stages, we came up with a variety of materials and the only thing left to do is to choose the cheapest and most suitable material for the structure. The final process has to do with the fact that the structure is for repair and that redesigning the whole structure is not easy which means that more attention should be given on delivery time and completion. Environmental factor Environment is a crucial factor in corrosion of materials. This is caused by a lot of factors and the main factor that needs to be considered is that the materials have a tendency to expand or shrink depending on the changes in the temperature (Table 2 below shows some data on expansion of different materials) and also in areas where the weather changes from rainy to dry or vice versa in a short span of time. Moreover, water as a factor greatly affects a structure because it can penetrate in the material and cause it to crack. If the material is steel, its exposure to water will cause it to rust and the rust can spread and also affect other materials.            Another factor to be considered is moisture that can be caused by rain, condensation, leakage from pipes or drains and rising damp. For the underwater structures and especially for those in salty waters (i.e. sea) more problems arise because salt can accelerate the phases of corrosion, and due to that, extra care has to be provided in choosing the materials. Wind also has to be considered. In some areas, winds can prove to be very strong. And strong wind coupled with the effects of some other factors can cause extreme deterioration also because it can bring dust and dirt, which can penetrate materials causing discolouration and corrosion.            Finally, pollution is another factor that contributes to the environmental corrosion of a structure. As we know, atmospheric pollution can be transferred to the ground in the form of acid rain. This acid rain can react with the materials that were used for the structure and can cause its rapid deterioration. Regular cleaning of the structure would be helpful in preventing any unwanted deterioration. Stress factor Stress connects and interacts mostly with the environmental and the temperature factors. Changes in temperature followed by expansion and contraction causes cracks on structure which can result in structure failure in a worst case scenario. In some situations, the structure fails without showing external deformation making it hard to avoid. Even though cracks cannot be seen by the human eye, there are multiple cracks attacking the materials under the surfaces of a structure. These cracks in microstructures can form intergranular or transgranular morphology. These kinds of cracks can cause a big problem because they are difficult to detect. The photo on the right is shows an intergranular SCC (Stress Corrosion Cracking) following the grain boundaries. Problems like this can cause an unpredictable failure of the structure resulting in loss of materials. Temperature factor Changes in local temperature can affect the stability of a structure in a major way because of the expansion and contraction that the structure is being exposed to. Usually materials tend to contract during low temperatures and expand during high temperatures which can cause small but dangerous cracks that can further lead to the failure of the structure. In order to prevent such a disaster from happening, the most common recourse is to select proper materials that can adapt to the environment where the structure will be erected. The temperature factor, of course, depends on the environment factor and the stress factor that we talked about earlier in the report. Time factor Time in corrosion is a very big issue. Time is the factor that produces all the problems and is the one that makes all the others affect the structure. Without time, corrosion would not happen. Of course, time is not the only factor that causes corrosion as we have already discussed. The ones that have a clear connection with the time factor is the environment, temperature and stress factor.            From all that were mentioned, one final but very important factor must be taken into consideration. Corrosion does not have the same effects on all materials; different type of material will have a different kind of reaction with the various factors. Types of Corrosion Affecting Structures First of all, let us consider that we have a reinforced concrete structure. The mild steel that is used for this structure to reinforce the concrete creates a layer on its surface in order to keep it in a passive state. This layer is caused by the alkalinity of the concrete. Therefore, the corrosion that will affect the structure will be caused by the steel that is reinforcing the concrete, and there are three types of such based on the steel corrosion. These are Chloride Contamination, the Patch Accelerated Corrosion and Carbonation. Chloride Contamination The presence of chloride ions in the atmosphere, which are formed usually where structures are exposed to de-icing salts (used to maintain safe transportation during winter time) or to a marine environment, can cause the destruction of the protective oxide layer of the reinforcing steel and lead to its corrosion. Patch Accelerated Corrosion This type of corrosion is either known to the public as the â€Å"Ring Anode Corrosion†or the â€Å"Halo Effect†. This phenomenon is often detected on concrete restoration projects where there is presence of concrete spalling on previous patch repairs. It is most commonly found on the exterior of the structure and is caused by its exposure to freeze and thaw cycles. Carbonation This process is very similar to Chloride Contamination. A state called carbonation, it is caused by the reaction of carbon dioxide within calcium hydroxide in the presence of water. It can cause the loss of alkalinity in concrete. This loss of alkalinity that happens to the surrounding concrete of the steel can cause the destruction of the oxide layer that is protecting the reinforcing steel. This kind of corrosion is a big threat to old buildings. Areas where Corrosion Applies Corrosion can be found in different kinds of structures. One of them is the bridges where there can be corrosion on the reinforced concrete caused by the presence of de-icing salts or by their exposure to marine environments. Parking garages are also exposed to corrosion, and this can be caused again by the presence of de-icing salts transferred there by the parked cars. Of course, buildings are exposed to corrosion too, and it most likely applies on spandrel beams, columns and balconies. The types of corrosion usually found on these structures are the types of corrosion that were discussed earlier, namely, chloride contamination and carbonation, which can also be caused by exposure to sea spay usually to buildings close to the sea, and also through contact with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Another area where corrosion can be applied are the marine structures, like concrete piers and wharfs since they are exposed to chloride contaminated salt water and airborne chlorides along with high temperatures and high humidity. Deterioration of Concrete in General Concrete, like other materials deteriorate due to internal and external forces causing concrete failure. Other causes are water infiltration, carbonation, corrosion of reinforcing steel, shrinkage, drying, thermal contraction and poor placement practices. From that, water can cause a big problem to concrete since it can penetrate and freeze during low temperatures. This can apply extreme pressure to concrete and make it weak and finally cause it to fail. Also, water carries chemicals like acids, sulphates or chlorides that can attack concrete and corrode the reinforcing steel inside it and expand the corrosion from inside to outside. Another cause is carbonation, where water from rain can be combined with carbon dioxide in air and after some time infiltrate concrete and react with the calcium hydroxide and create calcium carbonate which can decrease the concretes pH level and attack the surrounding layer of the reinforced steel. This can cause corrosion of the steel since it is no longer protected and this as we said before can affect concrete as well because of the presence of moisture. Deterioration of Structures and Service Life The deterioration of structures is a process that comes in stages and from that, we can point out the starting stages of the actual corrosion which is the concrete cracking and the excessive deflection. This can result in a reinforced concrete failure due to loss of structural strength. Service Life of a Structure Each structure has its own service life. This service life is said to be the time period that when ended will need human intervention such as conducting repairs, strengthening, maintenance or rehabilitation. By knowing the service life of a structure, we can determine the time when such actions will be required. The service life of a structure is separated into four stages. The first of the four phases is the time period from completion of building the structure to its corrosion initiation. The second phase starts after the corrosion initiation and until corrosion induced cracking. In the third phase, we have the time period from the concrete cracking up to the excessive deflection of the reinforced concrete members. As a fourth and final phase, it is the time from the loss of serviceability to the final collapse of the structure, which means that the structure arrived to a point where it had lost its flexural and shear strength. By determining the corrosion stage of the structure, its service life can be made known and as result, the phase in which the structure is currently experiencing at the moment can be identified. Furthermore, the time period of each of the four phases of the service life of a structure can be determined once a performance-based assessment criterion is established. The period of each phase can be calculated with the help of the following formula:            S (t) = Structural Response (Load Effect)            L (t) = Acceptable Limit for Structural Response (Structural Resistance) By knowing the time periods of each of the four phases of the service life of a structure, a probable failure can be determined by using the following formula:            pf (t) = Probability of an event Deterioration Stages of a Structure            Let us go back through to the stages of deterioration of a structure and discuss it. First we have the concrete cracking which comes at the end of the second phase of the service life of a structure and is after the initiation of reinforcement corrosion. So, after the initiation of corrosion, some rust is produced on the reinforcement. That covers more space than the initiation and as a result, some pressure propagates on the surrounding concrete which by itself cannot take the pressure since it exceeds its tensile capacity and starts cracking.        Furthermore, after the concrete cracking and at the end of phase three of the service life of a structure, the excessive deflection comes which is restrained within an acceptable limit. After the end of the fourth phase, we have the loss of strength of the structure which can lead to a structure failure. In that stage the corrosion on the reinforcement reduces the strength of the RC structure and results to a break at the critical cross section of a structural member. Deterioration of Strength There are two different ways of determining the strength deterioration of an RC structure, namely, the destructive load test and the non-destructive measurement of corrosion current density. Both of those methods can be used in the laboratory in order to measure the strength deterioration of a structure, but in practice and on the field, it can only be measured based on the reduction of the cross sectional area of the reinforcement bars. Deterioration of Stiffness Finding the stiffness deterioration of RC structural members is very important for the deterioration of the structure as a whole system where the load redistribution and the failure mode both depend on the stiffness of its members. Rate of Deterioration The rate of strength and stiffness deterioration is different since the stiffness is deteriorating much more severely than the strength. This is based on the fact that stiffness is measuring mechanical properties related to geometry and the cross sections of a structure way more than strength does. Factors that are related to corrosion and can affect the geometry of a structure are concrete cracking, delamination and debonding. After all those factors, and once the corrosion actively propagates, it results to a severe increase of deflection. Then again, deterioration of strength is not that affected from those factors which can only damage tensile sections of RC members.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Astronomers Wife †Just a Simple Complex Tale :: Astronomers Wife Essays
Astronomers Wife – Just a Simple Complex Tale     Kay Boyle's literary piece titled "Astronomers Wife", is a mental exercise. Every word and every line has an important meaning to it. Interpretation is a critical skill in understanding everything Boyle's story has to offer. Although this piece has a lot of sophistication to it, the story line is rather simple. The time period is the early 1900's and the story is regarding a rather young husband and a wife, in there late twenties to mid thirties. The couple lives out on the country side of the United States where houses are far from one another and the land is scenically beautiful. Although their surroundings are beautiful, the couples marriage is not. There is no love expressed between the two. Mrs. Ames goes about her daily routine, day in and day out. Mr. Ames is an astronomy professor who has more love for his profession than for his wife. The professor is a quiet man who uses his wife as somebody to cook his food, clean his clothes, and take care of the house. Mrs. Ames, a young woman in her late twenties, is living the life of sixty year old lady. Her days have no excitement in them what so ever. She isn't able to experience the stimulating life there is to live at her age. The couple does have a young woman servant who is there to help, which shows the two are doing fine financially. One night Mrs. Ames heard the sound of water in the hallway outside the bedroom. The next morning she got up bright and early to deal with the problem of the overflowing toilet by contacting a plumber. The plumber comes to the house and the young servant girl answers the door. She calls up to Mrs. Ames and tells her the man is here. Mrs. Ames gets up, puts on her white and scarlet smock, and in a whispering voice, as not to wake her husband, tells the man to come up the stairs. He does so politely, and right away, gets to his job of soaking up the large puddle in the middle of the upstairs hallway. The plumber is respectful and has manors, something Mrs. Ames notices considerably that is missing from her husband. After staring at the toilet for a few minutes, the plumber tells Mrs. Ames
Monday, January 13, 2020
Management Role
There are several meanings and interpretations that are engaged in the word management. Also, the roles and work that are associated in this position also defends on the knowledge of that particular person about the term. It can be said that most people view management as the position in which you can get the things done through other people. Still, there are some views regarding the role of management in an organization that can be considered quite apart from the traditional view of management roles such as to support employees in order to maximize their ability for the betterment of the organization and as well to help employees to be productive members of the community. However, for most employees it can be said that the term management refers to the group of people with the responsibility to make decisions about the organization. The activities of the board as well as program and/or executive directors are also referred to as management. In Joe’s case, he had misconceptions of the responsibility that had been put into his shoulders by the time that he was appointed manager for the Best Made Mfg. Thus, Joe was placed back into his previous position, in the production line after merely 3 weeks. Joe expected to do the same kind of work, only lighter than before after being placed into a new position. In can be seen in this case that the roles and responsibilities of being a manager is quite different from being in the production line. Being a part of the production line means working side-be-side with the people on the said workplace. It means that you are likely to do what most people do. Thus, being a manager is a totally different scenario. In order to better see the differences, let us look closely to the part and role of the management in the progress and development of the company. In the traditional interpretation, management is referred to as the activities of groups of people in which their main responsibility involves planning, organizing, leading and as well as controlling/coordinating. In order to have a better picture of the role of management, let us look closely at each of the four functions mentioned above. Planning involves the identification of goals, objectives and methods that the company intends to do and achieve. The resources that will be used in the companies operation is also part of planning as well as to identify the responsibilities of personnel’s and the completion date of a certain task. There are many kinds of planning of which strategic, business, project, staffing and as well as advertising and promotions planning are included. Another responsibility of the management is to organize the resources of the company in order to achieve the goals of the company in the most advantageous manner. It may include the organization of new departments, offices, file systems, human resources and as well as the reorganization of the business and others. Another consideration and responsibility that is in the hands of the management is to influence the persons that are part of the company. Leading is an important consideration in order to motivate the employees. Thus, to set the direction that must taken by the individual employees is an important factor in order to maximize the potential of the company. Leading not just involves striving to achieve the goal of the company but to influence the employees to the same thing as well. Controlling/Coordinating is also an important task of the management. It involves the processes, systems and structures of the organization in order to reach the organization’s goals and objectives in the most effective and efficient manner. This may include the monitoring and adjustments of the systems and other structures of the company as well as the collection of feedbacks. The performance management process, financial controls together with the policies and structures are some of the examples. Thus, the task of those in the production line and management involves two different tasks. The main distinction is that those in the production line are guided by the management but does not have the authority to make decisions. This is the job of the management along with all the other responsibilities and task mentioned above. Being part of the management and of the production line are two different tasks that involves different approach. To treat them as having the same function and responsibility will surely cause you some trouble just like Joe’s case. Reference Davidmann, M. (1998). Role of managers under Different Style of Management. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.solhaam.org/articles/clm2su.html Heathfield, S. (2007). When Management Systems Fail. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://humanresources.about.com/od/motivationsuccess/a/manage_systems.htm McNamara, C. (2007). Basicsâ€â€Definitions (and Misconceptions) About Management. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.managementhelp.org/mgmnt/defntion.htm Management Role The manager and leaders are different notions; yet they are united in the fact that both fulfil a variety of roles in an organization. It is this variety of roles that makes their job so challenging and diverse. People entering these positions should prepare themselves to balance many tasks and issues at a time, trying to find a good balance between all of them. This week we will concentrate on the role of the manager as specified in the management roles and styles. Professionals discussing this issue find a classification advanced by H. Mintzberg very helpful. This classification includes ten most common roles fulfilled by the manager: â€Å"three interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader, and liaison), three informational roles (monitor, disseminator, and spokesman), and four decisional roles (entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator)†(Gottschalk, n.d.). Minzberg notes that these roles are fulfilled by all managers irrespective of their position in an organization and corresponding functions. However, in his opinion, â€Å"differences do exist in the importance and effort dedicated to each managerial role based on job content, different skill levels, and expertise†(Gottschalk, n.d.). The consideration of managerial roles has important implications for an organization regardless of its sphere of activity. For example, the organization opting for the matrix management will introduce â€Å"multiple lines of authority, reflecting the multiple functions expected of a flexible workforce†(Li et al., 2003, p. 192). This means that managers in such an organization should possess a variety of skills that make them better prepared to handle each specific situation. In my view, the most important role in Minzberg’s matrix is that of a leader. As stated above, management and leadership are not equivalent. Kelly (n.d.) points out that â€Å"Managers maintain, oversee and follow policies set by others; leaders by example induce others to follow, they set goals and often are the catalysts for change†. However, it seems that the conflict between management and leadership is overemphasized in literature. When a person leads, the managerial role offers support and framework for this activity. On the other hand, if the manager is not a leader, there are relatively few ways to force people to do things. One is to demand obedience through discipline, but this is hardly a viable way to inspire people to great deeds. Leadership skills are multiple: here belong communicative skills, the gift to speak so as to impress the audience, a fine knowledge of psychology, and ability to set clear goals. The manager should be a skilful resource allocator, as Minzberg mentions, since resources of the organization depend on good management. Effective distribution of resources is a great help to an organization in achieving its goals. A manager is expected to provide guidance on this procedure and handle the task on one’s own. Doing this can require considerable hard skills, including knowledge of mathematically-based resource allocation models. Surely, the degree to which a manager is going to need these skills will vary proportionately to the manager’s involvement in resource allocation. In many cases, a good working knowledge of the computer is essential since resource allocation can be done with the help of software such as MS Project. One role that Minzberg does not cover explicitly but the one that is nevertheless very important is that of a mentor. A manager is there to help employees reach their full potential and is therefore obliged to pay attention to their skills and expertise. He or she should make bringing out inborn skills and developing weak areas a priority in one’s work. To make this happen, the manager should develop in the first place communication skills. To be a mentor, one needs to establish good relations with the person and find out what this individual’s interests are. Rapport with subordinates is essential for this role, and teaching skills are essential. Another role that can be added to Minzberg’s classification is that of a delegator. A manager should possess ability to delegate that forms the basis for effective work of a unit. It is in no case possible to do everything on one’s own. Therefore, the manager needs to be able to find niches for certain people and find out in what way they can deliver value to an organization. This takes substantial knowledge of the nature of business, as well as the ablity to assess adequately the abilities of a concrete person. A manager should also be a good innovator. Since this role requires creativity, not everyone can fulfil it adequately. However, it is imperative that a manager be able to invent new solutions. In the course of managerial activities, novel and unusual situations are frequent. To these situations, a manager cannot always find trite solutions and therefore has to come up with something new. Thus, a manager is expected to fulfil a variety of roles. The ability to find balance between all of them is perhaps the most important ability and role in an organization. The manager should serve as a â€Å"balancer†integrating all parts of the assignment or project into a coherent whole. This role is perhaps even more important than all the rest. However, its fulfilment requires adequate position in all the other roles. The manager will inevitably succeed in some roles and struggle with others. Thus, someone who is a skilful spokesman can be a much worse resource allocator; another one who is a good entrepreneur is a poor disturbance handler. This is why it is necessary to keep reviewing one’s management style from time to time, identifying more and less successful roles and improving those that need strengthening. References Gottschalk, P. The Chief Information Officer: A Study of Managerial Roles in Norway. Retrieved August 19, 2006 Kelly, R.R. Leadership/Management. Retrieved August 19, 2006 Li, R.R. et al. Shifting matrix management: a model for multi-agent cooperation. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 16, pp. 191-201. Retrieved August 19, 2006, from http://iet.open.ac.uk/pp/m.j.weller/pub/
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Essay about The Catcher in the Rye - 2410 Words
Catcher in the Rye Chapters 1-3 Discussion Questions 1. Who is telling the story? What are your impressions of the narrator? Would he be a friend of yours? Holden Caufield maybe because he seems rebellious and open 2. How much time has passed since the events in the story? What do you think is Holden’s purpose in telling the story? 7 months has passed and to make sense of everything that has happened 3. What is Pency Prep like? Why is Holden leaving? How does he feel about leaving? It is a formal prestigious private school, because he failed classes and everybody there hates him and a little bit sad 4. Why does Holden go to see Mr. Spencer? Why does he regret the visit? To say goodbye to him and Pency and he regrets it†¦show more content†¦Why does he lie to her? Have you ever done anything like that? A students mum, to make her son look good and make her feel proud and no 2. In what sort of hotel does Holden stay? What sorts of â€Å"perverts†are there? Why doesn’t he just go home? A real kind of extravagant hotel and cross dressers 3. Who is the first person Holden calls? Why do you suppose he doesn’t arrange to meet her the next day as she suggests? A prostitute and not to sure doesn’t want to wait that long perhaps 4. Who does Holden meet in the nightclub of the hotel? Why do these women depress him? Why does he spend time with them then? Three older women, because they are obsessed with movie stars 5. What is Phoebe like? How can you tell that Holden adores her? She’s intelligent and because he is always talking about how great she is 6. Why do you think Holden says of Allie, â€Å"She killed Allie, too,†then amends his comment to, â€Å"I mean he liked her, too†? Cause it sounds like Phoebe literally killed allie 7. Holden remembers the time Jane cried and he kissed her. Why does he think she was crying? What do you think? Because of her stepdad 8. What sort of place is Ernie’s? How does Holden know about Ernie’s? Nightclub sort of fancy environment and through D.B 9. You learn a lot about Phoebe and Holden’s tender feelings for her from the flashback on page 68. Using that passage as a model, describe someone you know. As Holden does, begin yourShow MoreRelatedCatcher in the Rye984 Words  | 4 PagesENG 4U1 June 12, 2012 Catcher In The Rye Essay A role model can be can classified as one of many things, but what is it exactly that distinguishes a good one from a bad? The novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D Salinger is utilized to present the character Holden Caulfield as an unsuitable role model. Firstly, Holden relies on drugs for a way out of his problems instead of facing them. 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